Raw material profile
Beeswax is a miraculous substance. Honeybees (Apis mellifera) feed on large amounts of nectar and pollen and use the nutritional value obtained to do things like create wax – a substance with an extremely high energy content. The bees consolidate the energy in their food and secrete wax scales measuring about 1 millimetre from their abdominal glands. These are then used to construct honeycombs. The wax scales are translucent like mountain crystals and as light as a feather, weighing just 0.0008 g. It takes 125,000 wax scales to produce 100 grams of beeswax.
Newly constructed natural honeycombs are almost snow white in colour. The beeswax only turns the well-known shade of yellow once the bees start to use the honeycomb structure. The wax is dyed by flavonoids from propolis and carotenoids from pollen. Overall, beeswax consists of more than 300 different substances.
The honeycomb itself is a masterpiece of lightweight construction. It provides maximum interior space with minimal use of construction material. The bees create cylindrical cells from the insalivated wax scales and then use the warmth generated by their muscles to heat the wax to over 40°C. The wax becomes malleable and automatically takes on a hexagonal form with a thickness of just 0.07 millimetres. The heat activates enzymes in the saliva, which solidify the wax through a chemical reaction.
The completed honeycomb is formed from the combination of an ingenious construction material and heat, both of which are produced by the bees through great energy usage. To create a medium-sized beehive with 100,000 cells and some 1.2 kilograms of wax, the bees need the energy contained in 7.5 kilograms of honey.
Incidentally, all of the honeycomb cells made by a bee colony are off almost identical size. Variations are only found from colony to colony. This is an expression of a bee colony’s individual personality.